Disscision questions american history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Disscision questions american history - Essay Example A separate village, ten miles away, was established due to the large inflow of inhabitants in the town. The villagers were unhappy with the governance of the town and demanded independence from the town. The town authority, however, did not want to lose the fertile taxable province and resented their demand. There was revolt against the ministers appointed by the town from 1672-1688. During this time, three ministers presided over the affairs of the village. During the reign of the fourth minister, there was widespread revolt against the town’s involvement in the affairs of the village. The priests of various New England colonies began to accuse Salem of revolting against the will of God. In 1692, the first traits of witchcraft appeared against these socioeconomic uneasiness, affecting the children. The family of the minister was the first to be deceased. The difference between the town and village and their urge to gain independence were the prime factors in the spread of wit chcraft in the region. (Trask) The US economy would have crumbled if not for the efforts of visionaries like Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Hamilton arrived in the scene of American politics in its nascent stage in 1787. The previous Article was put up for discussion in 1787 by the thirteen states. Hamilton, representing New York, proposed the election of Governors and senators, which were opposed by the other members. A separate constitution was proposed with the powers being vested on executive, judicial and legal branches. Most of the states did not sign on it. At this juncture, Hamilton with James Madison and John Jay wrote 85 essays known as â€Å"The Federalist†. The essays underlined the importance of the constitution and they played an important part in achieving the support from the states. Hamilton met again in the next convention and persuaded other states to sign on

Brazil Economy Essay Example for Free

Brazil Economy Essay A New Contender in the Global Economy? Throughout the latest research, newspaper or political science journal articles Brazil has been termed â€Å"an upcoming global power† or â€Å"international player†. This being seen specifically in Brazils global economic position. Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the worlds seventh largest economy at market exchange rates and the seventh largest purchasing power parity, according to the international Monetarty Fund and the world bank. Brazil has a mixed economy with abundant natural resources. Brazil is rapidly becoming a large contender in the Global economy partly due to being one of the 17 mega diverse countries in the world, home to a variety of wildlife, natural environment and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats. O’Neil sees Brazil as a powerhouse â€Å"because of its economic strength, its hemispheric leadership and its growing strategic role through multilateral international forums† (O’Neil 2010). The economy of Brazil is the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP. Brazils economy is the largest in Latin American nations and comes in second best in the western hemisphere. With an average annual GDP growth rate over over 5 percent, Brazil comes in as one of the fastest- growing major economies in the world. In Brazilian real’s, Its GDP was estimated at R$4. 403 trillion in 2013. The Brazilian economy is predicted to become one of the five largest economies in the world in the decades to come. This is due to many factors including brazils involvement in a number of diverse economic organizations such as the mercosur, Unasul, G8+5, G20, WTO and the Cairns group. Its trade partner’s number in the hundreds, with 60 percent of exports mostly of manufactures or semi manufactures goods. Brazils main trade partners in 2008 were: Mercosul and Latin America (25. 9 percent of trade), EU (23. 4 percent), Asia (18. 9 percent), the United States (14. 0 percent), and the others (17. 8 percent). â€Å"Brazils economy has yet again become an object of fascination and speculation for international investors, academics, pundits and policymakers in the United States and Europe. As a country replete with natural resources, endowed with a large internal market and home to dynamic and increasingly global corporations, Brazil has been famously anoints as a ‘BRIS’- thus identified along with Russia, India and China as one of the four very large, rapidly emerging economies that are key growth engines of the global economy. † (Brainard 2009) Brazil is the largest economy of Latin America and its trade with the EU accounts for 37% of the EUs total trade with the Latin American region (2011). As regards investments, Brazil holds 43% of the entire EU Investment stocks in Latin America. The EU is Brazils first trading partner, accounting for 21. 7% of its total trade (2010). During the last 5 years bilateral trade between the EU and Brazil has grown on average by 8. 4% per year, showing the dynamism and complementarity of our trade relationship. EU imports from Brazil are dominated by primary products, in particular agricultural products (41%) and fuels and mining products (31%). But manufactured products such as machinery, transport equipment and miscellaneous manufactured products are also important: they represent around one fourth of Brazilian exports to the EU. Brazil is the single biggest exporter of agricultural products to the EU. EUs exports to Brazil consist mainly of manufactured products, such as machinery, transport equipment and chemicals. In goods, the EU runs an overall trade deficit with Brazil but has a surplus in commercial services trade. The EU is the biggest foreign investor in Brazil with investments in many sectors of the Brazilian economy. Around 50% of the  FDI  flows received by Brazil during the last 5 years was originating from the EU. Dilma Vana Rousseff  Ã‚  born 14 December 1947) is a  Brazilian  politician  who has been the  President of Brazil  since 1 January 2011. She is the first woman to hold the office. In October 2010, Rousseff was included in the  Forbes  list of the most powerful people in the world, at the 16th position. Rousseff powerful leadership has continued to keep Brazil a strong contender in the global economy since her election in 2011. â€Å"And perhaps most impressive, she has maintained a remarkable approval rating even with a three percent drop in economic growth.† (Freeman, 2012) It can be seen that Petrobras discovery of the lula oil field in 2006 was the concrete set up for Brazils global economic uprise. The  Lula oil field  (formerly  Tupi oil field) is a large oil field located in the  Santos Basin, 250 kilometres off the coast of  Rio de Janeiro,Brazil The field was nicknamed in honor of the  Tupi people  and later named after former Brazilian p resident  Luiz Inacio da Silva. It is considered to be the  Western Hemispheres largest oil discovery of the last 30 years. â€Å"BRAZIL’S discovery of oodles of offshore oil in 2006 felt like a transformative moment. † (Paulo 2012) The Lula field was discovered in October 2006 by Petrobras, with the well flowing 4,900 barrels per day of sweet 30 degrees API crude oil, 0. 7 sulphur content and 4. 3  million cubic feet per day (120,000 cubic metres per day) of gas from a deep sub-salt reservoir on a  16  mm choke. The former president of Brazil,  Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva  called the field second independence for Brazil. The field was originally named Tupi but in 2010 it was renamed Lula. The name Lula means a mollusc in Portuguese but also refers to Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. The upper estimate of 8  billion barrels (1. 3 billion cubic metres) of recoverable oil would be enough to meet the total global demand for crude oil for about three months at the 2008 global extraction rate of around 85 million barrels per day. In January 2008 Petrobras announced the discovery of the  Jupiter field, a huge  natural gas  andcondensate  field which could equal the Lula oil field in size. It lies 37 kilometres east of Lula. Block BM-S-11, which contains the Lula field, is operated by  Petrobras  with a 65% controlling stake while  BG Group  holds 25% and  Galp Energia  has the remaining 10% interest. According to Bear Stearns  estimates, the value of the oil in the block ranges from $25 billion to $60 billion. BM-S-11 also includes  Tupi Sul,  Iara  and  Iracema  fields. REFERENCE LIST Brainard, L, 2009. Brazil as an economic superpower. 1st ed. Washington DC: The Brookings institution. Medeiros, V, 2010. Interview: Jim ONeil. Interview: Jim ONeil, 62, 1-4. Roett, R, 2010. New Brazil.1st ed. Washington DC: The Brookings institution. Hay, D. A, 2001. The Post-1990 Brazilian Trade Liberalisation and the Performance of Large Manufacturing Firms. The Post-1990 Brazilian Trade Liberalisation and the Performance of Large Manufacturing Firms: Productivity, Market Share and Profits, 111, 620-641. Freeman, M, 2012. Brazil Pres. Dilma Rousseff a Model of Leadership U. S. Politicians Should Follow. Brazil Pres. Dilma Rousseff a Model of Leadership U. S. Politicians Should Follow, 1, 1. Paulo, S, 2012. Oil in Brazil. The perils of Petrobras, 1, 1.

How Do Pre 1914 Writers Create Mystery And Suspense Essay -- English L

How Do Pre 1914 Writers Create Mystery And Suspense In Their Short Stories? Common themes in the stories of the nineteenth century are horror, mystery and the unexplained. This is because in the Victorian times, people were concerned with problems such as superstition and witchcraft. Common features of Victorian short stories are paranoid characters. The stories ‘The Withered Arm’, ‘The Red Room’ and ‘The Signalman’ teach a modern audience the results and consequences of superstition and paranoia. The Withered Arm was written by Thomas Hardy. It is about a woman who is trying to bring up her illegitimate son while she tries to overcome her jealousy as her sons father brings home his new beautiful wife. The main message that Thomas Hardy is trying to get across to the reader is that you should be careful what you wish for as it may come true. Also that what goes around comes around. The main character in this story is Rhoda Brook, the mother of farmer Lodges son. In the story she is described as ‘a thin fading woman of thirty’ this shows that she is slowly wasting away. Rhoda Brooks is a mysterious character because the reader doesn’t know whether Rhoda is a witch or not, Thomas Hardy doesn’t reveal this fact because it makes the story mysterious and leaves the reader wondering. Another reason why Rhoda is mysterious is because of relationship with farmer Lodge and their baby together. Rhoda is also mysterious because she was once beautiful ‘The radiance lit her pale check, and made her dark eyes, that had once been handsome, seem handsome anew.’ The Red Room was written by H.G Wells the story is about a man who is trying to find out whether a room in the Lorraine castle is haunted or not. The mess... ...on, pathetic fallacy and has more descriptions in it. Also because it enables the reader to visualise the settings better. I think that the setting in The Signalman represent loneliness. The setting in The Red Room represents paranoia and terror and the setting in The Withered Arm represent fear and superstition. Therefore, Victorian writers successfully created mysterious short stories through using chapters, less characters and detailed setting. The most effective story is The Withered Arm this is because it has the most imaginative and interesting story line. Also because Thomas Hardy doesn’t reveal everything to the reader as it lets them debate over whether Rhoda is a witch or not. It shows a modern audience the effects and consequences of superstition. The moral or message of the story may have been be careful what you wish for as it may come true.

CQ3 level 3 unit 8 health & safety Essay

Explain how to access additional support & information relating to health & safety? There are many ways to access different sorts of support and information in relation to the health and safety if it is needed. You could seek additional support and information by talking to the manager within the home or you could talk to your supervisor. You could discuss these matters with more experienced work colleagues who could give you extra information on health and safety. Outside organisations will also help with understanding of the correct to adhere to the rules  define a hazard. A hazard is something that can cause harm, eg electricity, chemicals, working up a ladder, noise, a keyboard, a bully at work, stress. Basically, a hazard can cause harm or adverse effects Define a Risk: A risk is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard. Explain why it is important to assess health and safety risks. A risk assessment is an important step in protecting your workers and your business, as well as complying with the law. It helps you focus on the risks that really matter in your workplace – the ones with the potential to cause real harm. In many instances, straightforward measures can readily control risks, for example ensuring spillages are cleaned up promptly so people do not slip, or cupboard drawers are kept closed to ensure people do not trip. Risk assessments are important as they reduce the risks of accidents and ill health to you and your employees that could be very costly both physically and financially. Explain the steps to carry out a risk assessment. Identify the hazards. Consider how people may be injured in the workplace. Be pro-active and examine the potential hazards, whether they are short or long-term. Also ask for the views of employees and their representatives, and read the accident book and the sick records for anything related to a work-based danger.  Establish who might be harmed and how. Before managing a risk, discover the affected groups, and determine the ways in which they might suffer injury. For example, the company’s data input team might have problems with eye strain from staring at computer monitors all day. Evaluate the risks; decide on precautions. At this stage, it is acceptable to work to a standard that is â€Å"reasonably practicable†. To make the task easier, however, find out what the industry regards as good practice. By comparing a workplace to good practice benchmarks, it becomes easier to match precautions to risks Record and implement findings. Write down the results of risk assessments and communicate these to staff. Employees are then more likely to understand and support any necessary changes. Review the assessment and update if necessary. Ideally, review risk assessments annually. Also consider revising an assessment whenever there is a significant change to any potentially hazardous procedures. Write a risk assessment for the use of a hot food trolley when it is brought out of the kitchen to the dining area before meals.  How to reduce risks using the guide of 5 steps? (pretty much answered in the previous question! Explain how to address potential health and safety risks that you have identified in your workplace (include records). 2.1 Explain why it is important to assess health and safety risks A. Reasons may include:  · to comply with legislation  · to prevent risks or reduce risks to a minimum  · to protect self, individuals and others from danger, harm or illness 2.2 Explain the steps to carrying out a risk assessment A; Steps to carrying out a risk assessment include:  · identify hazards  · evaluate risks · take precautions  · review risks  · report and record outcomes 2.3 Explain how to address potential health and safety risks identified A; Addressing potential risks may include:  · identifying associated hazards  · considering what safety measures are required to eliminate or reduce the risks  · considering whether new or additional safety measures can be put in place  · communicating these measures to others  · informing others of any serious risks  · co-operating fully with outside agencies 2.4 Explain how risk assessment can help address dilemmas between an individual’s rights and health and safety concerns A; Risk assessment can help address dilemmas by e.g:  · making the individual aware of the risks  · making the individual aware of the responsibilities employees and the employer have  · being used as the basis for safe working arrangements Q. 2.4 joe wants to smoke in his bedroom in the care home 2.5 Explain how to promote health and safety within the social care setting A; Promoting health and safety by e.g:  · taking reasonable care for own and others’ health and safety  · reporting and recording potential and actual hazards and risks  · participating in health and safety training  · complying with health and safety instructions and procedures 3.1 Describe the common types of accidents and sudden illnesses which may occur in your workplace. Accidents may include:  · falls  · burns and scalds  · slips and trips  · swallowing a hazardous substance 3.2 Explain procedures to be followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur Procedures to be followed may include:  · recording and reporting of accident or illness with full details must be made  · registered person must submit notification to CQC and HSE  · individuals’ next of kin must be informed 3.2 first aid etc Report the accident or sudden illness to the line manager. Record in log book and give full details in an accident/incident form to be submitted to branch manager. 3.3 Explain why it is important for emergency first aid tasks only to be carried out by qualified first aiders Reasons may include:  · to comply with health and safety legislation  · to preserve life  · to minimise the consequences of injury and illness  · to treat injuries and illnesses effectively 3.4 Explain the consequences of failing to follow emergency first aid procedures Consequences may include:  · possible fatalities  · could delay recovery  · injury or illness could  · become worse  · failure to comply with legislation and workplace procedures 4;1 infection control section These are the routes of transmission for diseases: – the air – Down the respiratory tract into the lungs. Coughs, cold, influenza and other common airborne infections are contracted in this fashion. – urine and feces Up the urinary and reproductive systems. The infectious agent may remain localized or may enter the blood stream. Sexually transmitted diseases most commonly infect the genitals. HIV, the AIDS virus, is carried in bodily fluids and can be transmitted in saliva, seminal fluid, or blood. – blood – saliva – Down the digestive tract. Food, drink or other infected products can be swallowed and infect the stomach or bowels. Most people have experienced an ‘upset stomach’, which reveals itself in the form of diarrhea and or vomiting. – skin – Breaks in the skin. One of the many functions of the skin is to act as a barrier against infection. Anything that penetrates the skin, or for that matter the mucous membrane that lines the mouth or nose, provides a route for infection to enter. Typically, bites, scratches, puncture wounds by needles etc increase the risk of infection. – drainage, such as nasal mucus or pus from open sores Person-to-person A cold can be caught by shaking the hand of a person who has a cold and who has just used their hand to wipe their dripping nose. The mucus from the nose will be teeming with cold virus particles such as the rhinovirus, which causes one third of colds in adults. Once the cold virus particles are on the hands of the second person they are contaminated and the virus can be transferred into their nose by their fingers. Contaminated blood or other bodily fluids Hepatitis B and HIV can be spread through sexual intercourse or sharing used syringe needles contaminated with infected blood. Saliva A cold or the flu can be caught from the saliva of an infected person when you kiss them. Air Measles, mumps and tuberculosis can be spread by coughing or sneezing. A cough or a sneeze can release millions of microbes into the air in droplets of mucus or saliva which can then infect somebody else if they breathe in the infected particles. Food Microbes need nutrients for growth and they like to consume the same foods as humans. They can get into our food at any point along the food chain from ‘plough to plate’. Therefore great care must be taken at every stage of food production to ensure that harmful microbes are not allowed to survive and multiply. If they do they can cause the unpleasant symptoms of food poisoning such as sickness and diarrhoea, when the contaminated food is eaten. Microbes can be spread from one food to another during the preparation process, for example by unclean hands, or dirty kitchen utensils, and cause illness when those foods are eaten. This is known as cross-contamination. Water Some diseases are caused by drinking water that is contaminated by human or animal faeces, which may contain disease-causing microbes. Clean water, hygiene and good sewerage systems prevent the spread of water-borne diseases such as typhoid and cholera. Insects Insects are responsible for spreading many diseases. Malaria is spread from person to person by certain species of female mosquito carrying the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum. The parasite enters the human host when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal. Bubonic plague (Black Death) is a bacterial disease of rodents caused byYersinia pestis. It can be spread to humans and other animals by infected rat fleas. People usually get plague from being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium. Insects can also transmit pathogens to food; house flies are very good at spreading Salmonella and E.coli O157. They feed on faecal waste and transfer microbes from their feet and other body parts to food. The microbe does not invade or multiply inside the fly. Fomites This is a non-living object such as bedding, towels, toys and barbed wire that can carry disease-causing organisms. The fungus Trichophyton that causes athlete’s foot can be spread indirectly through towels and changing room floors. The fungus thrives in the damp warm environment found between the toes. The skin between the fourth and fifth toe is usually affected first. A flaky itchy red rash develops. The skin becomes cracked and sore and small blisters may appear. If the infection is left untreated it can  spread to other parts of the body. Entry of infection into human body A human with an infection has another organism inside them which gets its sustenance (nourishment) from that person, it colonizes that person and reproduces inside them. Organisms may enter the body in one of three ways. The digestive tract – swallowed in food or water. The respiratory tract – breathed in the air. The skin and mucus membranes – through a wound, weakened surface or injection. Explain the following prevention methods†¦ A) Hand washing†¦B) Own personal hygiene†¦C) Encouraging the individual’s personal hygiene Types of PPE Used in Healthcare Settings †¢ Gloves – protect hands †¢ Gowns/aprons – protect skin and/or clothing †¢ Masks and respirators– protect mouth/nose – Respirators – protect respiratory tract from airborne infectious agents †¢ Goggles – protect eyes †¢ Face shields – protect face, mouth, nose, and eyes Explain own role in supporting others to follow practise that reduce the spread of infection. It is my responsibility, together with my colleagues to protect ourselves from the risk of infection according to the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974. Everyday practice would include being aware of and implementing policies & procedures, reporting hazards & potential risks, maintaining clean & safe working environments, attending training updates, keep up to date with necessary immunisation and maintain our own personal hygiene. As someone who has direct, day-to-day contact with patients, carers, relatives and other staff, you have a crucial part to play in infection control in your workplace. Identifying when a patient is at risk of acquiring an infection and knowing how to prevent it are key roles for you. To do this effectively, you need to have the necessary knowledge and skills concerning infection control and prevention and the competence to implement them in practice. Describe the main points of the legislation which relates to moving and handling. Main points may include:  · avoiding hazardous manual handling  · conducting a full risk assessment of load, task, environment and individual Manual Handling Operations Regulations (MHOR), 1992  · reporting immediately any difficulties The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR)  · adhering to agreed working practices Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999  · using equipment correctly Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) 1998 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) 1998 The employer’s duties:  ·Avoid the need for hazardous manual handling as far as is reasonably practicable.  ·Assess the risk of injury from any hazardous manual handling that can’t be avoided.  ·Reduce the risk of injury from hazardous manual handling, as far as reasonably practicable The Employee’s duties:  ·Follow appropriate systems of work laid down for their safety.  ·Make proper use of equipment provided to minimise the risk of injury.  ·Co-operate with the employer on health and safety matters. If a care assistant fails to use a hoist that has been provided, they are putting themselves at risk of injury. The employer is unlikely to be liable.  ·Apply the duties of employers, as appropriate, to their own manual handling activities.  ·Taking care to ensure that their activities do not put others at risk. Explain how following principles for safe moving and handling protects those in the social care setting from injury or harm. Protection may include:  · reducing the risk of injury  · identifying whether there is a hazard or risk  · giving an opportunity for alternative working practices e.g. use of a different type of moving and handling aid Explain situations that may require additional supports necessary for moving and handling. Situations may include:  · if working environment is cramped  · if an object or load is heavy  · if an object or load is unstable or awkward

Essay on Edgar Allen Poe’s Fall of House of Usher

Bipolar disorder affects many people today as well as in the time of Edgar Allen Poe when it was then called melancholia. Poe was diagnosed with this disorder and it plays an integral role in his story, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† (1839). This story is heavily influenced by this disorder or its presently associated symptoms and also describes one way that bipolar disorder can genetically affect an entire family. To fully understand a story involving this disorder, it is cardinal to know the exact definition of bipolar disorder, as well as its symptoms and previous aliases.The Oxford English Dictionary defines bipolar disorder as: â€Å"a form of mental illness characterized by one or more episodes of mania typically accompanied by one or more episodes of major depression† (Cite? ). Some terms used for what is now considered bipolar disorder include melancholia and manic depression. Melancholia is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as: â€Å"A pathologic al state of despondency; severe depression; severe endogenous depression, with loss of interest and pleasure in normal activities, disturbance of sleep and appetite, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, and thoughts of death or suicide. (Cite? ). The first person to associate melancholia and madness as two parts of the same disease was Araeteus from Cappadocia (30-90 AD) (Skeppar 8). Manic Depression is actually included as an equivalent term to bipolar disorder in the Oxford English Dictionary. (Cite? ) There are four main stages of bipolar disorder: hypomania, mania, depressed, and mixed. Hypomania and mania share similar symptoms such as racing thoughts, increased physical activity, lack of sleep and hunger, and heightened sensitivity. Hypomania also has a distinct symptom labeled as an increase in goal directed activity.The depression stage includes symptoms such as constant depression, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation, energy loss, trouble thinking, and indecisive ness. As expected the mixed stage has some common symptoms as the other stages and also more severe such as thoughts of death and suicidal ideations. These symptoms previously mentioned play an immense role in diagnosing the character of Roderick Usher. It is common knowledge that bipolar disorder has symptoms of mood swings both high and low which is why it is justly named.Not commonly known, however, is the link between artistry and this disorder (Jamison). The wise Aristotle is quoted as saying, â€Å"Why is it that all men who are outstanding in philosophy, poetry or the arts are melancholic? † (Jamison 51). A side note to this is evident when Jamison states: â€Å"The manic drive in its controlled form and phase is of value only if joined to ability† (Jamison 55). The artistic tendencies frequently common with bipolar syndrome help the reader to diagnose Roderick Usher in the story â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†.It is overwhelmingly clear that throug hout Poe’s story, Roderick Usher suffers from bipolar disorder. It is clear from early on in the story that Usher is suffering not only from depression, but also from an illness in his mind as shown in his letter to the narrator: â€Å"The writer spoke of acute bodily illness — of a mental disorder which oppressed him — and of an earnest desire to see me, as his best, and indeed his only personal friend, with a view of attempting, by the cheerfulness of my society, some alleviation of his malady. † (Poe).The narrator also notices his mood swings evidenced by the different ways in which he would talk displayed by this passage: â€Å"His voice varied rapidly from a tremulous indecision (when the animal spirits seemed utterly in abeyance) to that species of energetic concision — that abrupt, weighty, unhurried, and hollow-sounding enunciation — that leaden, self-balanced and perfectly modulated guttural utterance, which may be observed in the lost drunkard, or the irreclaimable eater of opium, during the periods of his most intense excitement. † (Poe). Another way that Usher displays signs of bipolar disorder is through his artistic expression.Not only does he paint, but he also reads heavily and plays musical instruments which shown a sign of increased goal related activity. Also, Usher â€Å"suffered much from a morbid acuteness of the senses; the most insipid food was alone endurable; he could wear only garments of certain texture; the odors of all flowers were oppressive; his eyes were tortured by even a faint light; and there were but peculiar sounds, and these from stringed instruments, which did not inspire him with horror. † (Poe). This heightened sensitivity is evidence of the mania stage associated with bipolar syndrome.Also, a possible episode of mania would be the scene involving Usher’s sister coming from the dead. This could surely be seen as an hallucination and sign of a manic episode. To recap, Usher has symptoms from the hypomania, mania, and depressed stages meaning the ailment that he suffers from is not melancholia, but instead a modern case of bipolar or manic depression disorder. One reason for a character in a story having a particular disorder would be that the author has real life experience with it. Such is the case with Edgar Allen Poe and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†.Poe most definitely suffered from what would now be considered a form of manic-depression disorder. During his final year on Earth, he showed signs of mania, constantly relocating to various cities (Meyers 244). Also during this year, he is reported as saying to a friend named Frederic Thomas: â€Å"You will be pleased to hear that I am in better health than I ever knew myself to be- full of energy and bent on success. † (Meyers 245). This evidence of a prolonged state of mania or even hypomania as he reports having an increase in energy, goal related activated, an d seems to be experiencing delusions of grandeur.He also experienced stages of depression including binges of drinking and even hallucinations (Meyers 252). Poe also had a recorded attempt of suicide in November 1848 (Meyers 252). According to Dr. Kay Redfield Jamison, â€Å"Poe was scarcely alone in suffering from both manic-depressive illness and alcohol and drug abuse† (Jamison 37). Jamison seems to have diagnosed Poe with manic-depression or bipolar disorder. From other places in Jamison’s book, Touched with Fire: Manic Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament, it’s reasonable to believe that Poe’s artistry most likely stems from his disorder allowing him to be even more creative.Perhaps Poe’s own psychological problems influenced his portrayal of Usher in this short story. As aforementioned, both Poe and his fictitious character Roderick Usher suffer from bipolar disorder. This was not by coincidence. It seems clear that Poe’s re asoning for this is to give the public a way to see inside Poe’s on diseased mind and better understand not only his works, but also himself. An author’s best ways to display his own problems are to weave them into a story as is done in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher. † One can better understand his mind through a story than with descriptions of his symptoms alone.Bipolar disorder is a hereditary disease. According to Dr. Francis J. McMahon of the National Institute of Mental Health in regards to the genetic inheritance of this disorder, â€Å"about two-thirds of the risk for bipolar disorder can be explained by genes† (â€Å"NIH†). This information is known due to twin studies: if one identicle twin has manic depression then it is a 60 to 80% likelihood that the other twin has it (â€Å"NIH’). The genetic inheritance of this disorder amongst sufferers is around 79 to 93% (Backlund 501). This means that most manic-depressive people ac quired the trait from family members instead of from environmental factors alone.The exact genes that cause bipolar disorder are not yet known but different genes have been isolated (Jamison 16). One of these possible genes could be the P2RX7 gene (Backlund 501). This gene affects the way in which dopamine is unleashed in the brain which brings about its association with the manic episodes of manic-depression (Backlund 501). The heredity of bipolar disorder plays an interesting role in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†. Roderick Usher inherited his manic-depressive disorder in a modernly bizarre way: through inbreeding.Usher belong to a wealthy prominent family as shown by his massive, gothic style house. Many of these wealthy families practiced inbreeding in order to keep bloodlines strong and to prevent the spreading of wealth. This is shown when the narrator says â€Å"I had learned, too, the very remarkable fact, that the stem of the Usher race, all time-honored as i t was, had put forth, at no period, any enduring branch; in other words, that the entire family lay in the direct line of descent, and had always, with very trifling and very temporary variation, so lain† (Poe).This quote visibly projects an image of inbreeding as it says the family tree was essentially bare of branches. Due to the influence that genetics plays on bipolar disorder, if one person in his family had it then he is also likely to have it. A lack of genetic diversity means that many other people in his family most likely suffered from the same disorder as him. It seems likely that his sister also suffered due to the constant presence of a doctor in the house.Early on in the story, the narrator says that the family for generations had been interested in music and the sciences (Poe). When looking at this through a bipolar perspective, these interests could be a derivative of an entire family suffering from the same disorder. Another note is that the narrator says that â€Å"’House of Usher’ — an appellation which seemed to include, in the minds of the peasantry who used it, both the family and the family mansion† (Poe) Therefore, when the House of Usher crumbles at the end of the story; perhaps it is in reality the crumbling of Usher’s mind.The correlation between inbreeding in this story and bipolar disorder is strong. By knowing the way in which inbreeding affects bipolar sufferers, one can better understand the story. Also, the knowledge of Poe’s melancholia can also explain why this story may have been written: to portray this disorder in a way in which people can better understand it. A better understanding of these disorder not only helps people understand the mysterious mind of Poe, but also people they may encounter in real life.

Critical Analysis of Mass Spectrometry The WritePass Journal

Critical Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Introduction Critical Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Introduction1. Background:2. Methods of Ionization:3. Mass Analysers:4. The Mass Spectra:5. Mass Spectrometry in Synergy with other Techniques:6. Advances in Mass Spectrometry Instruments and their Limitations:7. The Future of Mass Spectrometry:References:Related Introduction 1. Background: The analytical technique that I have chosen to give an in-depth analysis of is Mass Spectrometry (MS) This analytical technique is basically the study of ionised molecules in the gaseous phase; its main use is in the determination of the molecular weight of the molecule in the sample under investigation by accelerating ions in a vacuum environment. While this analytical technique has been around for over one hundred years there are significant advances being made to this technique in order to cater for more adverse samples which will be discussed in more detail later on. The main difference between mass spectrometry and other spectroscopy methods such as NMR is that it not dependant on transitions between energy states which may be responsible for its popularity. The diagram shown below (Figure 1.1.) [1] shows a simple diagram of a common mass spectrometer using electron ionization:    Figure 1.1 represents a schematic diagram of an electron ionization-mass spectrometer showing the various processes involved. Courtesy of www.molecularstation.com. In its simplest form the process of determining the molecular weight of the sample typically occur over four main stages which are: Sample volatilisation, Ionisation, Separation and detection. Sample volatilisation: The sample to be analysed if gaseous or volatile can be readily inserted into the mass spectrometer with the more solid samples requiring heating before insertation in order to construct a more volatile or gaseous sample. As can be seen form the above figure the sample is then moved further down the spectrometer towards the area where ionization of the molecules occurs.   Ionization: The sample is then hit with a barrage of high energy electrons from an electron gun with a charge of around 70 electron volts (eV). When the molecules collide with the high energy electron beam energy is transferred from the beam to the molecules which cause an acceleration of the molecules. These molecules may then dump an electron forming cation known as the molecular ion (M+) [2]. This interchange is represented in the equation below (Figure 1.2.): M  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   +  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   e  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   M+  Ã‚  Ã‚   +  Ã‚  Ã‚   2e   Moleccular Ion This electron barrage usually results in most of the molecular ions fragmenting causing some of the fragments to not gain any charge and remain neutral and have no further part to play. The main purpose of ionisation is to donate a charge to the sample in order for the molecules to break up and become charged. The ionization method discussed here is electron ionisation however there are many other more methods of ionization which will be discussed in detail later on in my analysis. Separation: This beam of newly charged molecular ions then proceed through a mass analyzer which in this case is a very strong controllable magnetic field which separates the charged molecules according to their mass to charge ratio (m/z) causing some of the molecules which are â€Å"too heavy† or â€Å"too light† to be thrown towards the top or bottom of the spectrometer and hence avoid detection. By varying the magnetic field, ions with different m/z values can be detected. Just like there are many different ionization methods for different applications there are also several types of mass analyzers which will also be discussed later. A fundamental consideration in mass spectrometry at this point is mass resolution, defined as R = M/∆M. where R is the resolution, M is the mass of particle and ∆M is the mass difference compared to adjacent peak with overlap at 10% of peak height. Nowadays a magnetic sector analyzer can have R values of 2000-7000 depending on the instrument [3]. Detection: the final stage in the process is comprised of a detector which then amplifies and records the mass of the ions according to their m/z values. The detector may be set up for detection of molecular ions possessing different mass to charge ratios. The Molecular ions each have a mass that is almost identical to the mass of the molecule (M) and due to the fact that the charges on most of the molecules are usually 1, the value of m/z obtained for each of the ions is simply its mass. The data collected by the detector is fed to a recorder and is presented in the form of a plot of the numbers of ions versus their m/z values [3]. An example of this type of plot is shown below in figure 1.3. [4]: Figure 1.3: A typical graph produced for a sample using mass spectrometry. Picture courtesy of www.research.uky.edu. 2. Methods of Ionization: Electron Ionization (EI): as described above is the simplest method for converting the sample to ions and this method is found on the most common mass spectrometers. Many other simple and complex ionization methods exist for analyzing various samples. Some of these methods include: Chemical Ionization (CI): This is a softer ionization method than EI, causing less fragmentation of the sample under investigation and hence it is mainly used for more sensitive compounds such as 2, 2-dimethylpropane for example which is prone to fragment with little stress. This decrease in fragmentation is due to the ions arising from a chemical reaction rather than bombardment and hence possesses less energy than those produced from EI. In Chemical ionization the molecules to be studied are mixed with an ionized carrier gas which is present in excess. Common carrier gases for CI include ammonia, methane, isobutene and methanol. The selection of the carrier gas depends on the degree of ion fragmentation required. Different carrier gases produce different mass spectra plots. The main advantage of CI is its softer approach lending to clearer results over EI for some samples. Other advantages include the relatively cheap and strong hardware as with EI. The main drawback of using chemi cal ionization in mass spectrometry is the fact that like electron ionization the sample must be readily vaporised in order for the molecules to gain that vital charge. This immediately dismisses the use of high molecular weight compounds and biomolecules [3]. It’s obvious therefore that CI and EI are very similar methods of ionization and due to this many of the modern day mass spectrometers can switch between these two methods effortlessly. Electrospray Ionization (ESI): is a type of atmospheric pressure ionization. This technique is very useful for studying the high biomolecular weight molecules and other samples which may not be very volatile as discussed above. The sample to be investigated is sprayed through a fine capillary which has a charge on its surface, the sample then enters the ionization chamber resulting in the production of multiple charged ions along with single charged ions. This formation of multiple charged ions is very useful in the mass spectrometry analysis of proteins [3]. It is important to note that negative ions may also be formed in ESI and the operation may need to be reversed. ESI has become much more common over the last few years as it relies on a sample in solution which permits its use in LC-MS [5]. Thermospray Ionization (TSI) is closely related to ESI differing only in the fact that it relies on a heated capillary rather than a charged capillary; however ESI remains the more popular of the two methods. Atmospheric-pressure chemical Ionization (APCI): It is obvious form the title that APCI is also a form of atmospheric pressure ionization resulting in a similar interface being used for both methods. This method was born in the 1970’s when it was first combined with liquid chromatography (LC) by Horning et al [6] who conveyed a new atmospheric ion source which used 63Ni beta emission in order to produce the required ions. Even tough APCI and ESI are harmonizing methods the main advantage APCI has over ESI is that it is more effective at determining the mass spectra for less polar compounds due to the reality that the gas phase ionization is more effective in APCI. Many MS instruments are now readily available with high mass resolution and accurate mass measurement, properties which are not as readily available with GC-MS instruments. Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB): this type of ionization method is primarily used for large polar molecules. The sample to be studied is usually dissolved in a liquid matrix which is non-volatile and polar such as glycerol. This sample is then bombarded with a fast atom beam such as Xe atoms which picks up electrons thus causing ionization from this reaction. This is a simple and fast method to use and is very good for high-resolution measurements. On the downside however it may be hard to compare low molecular weight compounds from the chemical back ground which is always high [5]. Desorption Chemical Ionization (DCI), Negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI), Field Ionization (FI) and Ion Evaporation are other less common ionization methods used in mass spectrometry. 3. Mass Analysers: As described earlier the mass analyzers are used to separate the various ions according to their mass to charge ratio (m/z) and hence focus the ions with the desirable m/z value towards the detector. Some of the mass analyzers available include; Double-Focusing Mass Analyzers, Quadrupole Mass Analyzers, Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzers and Ion Trap Mass Analyzers. Double-Focusing Mass Analyzers are used when a high resolution is of paramount importance. This high resolution is achieved by modifying the basic magnetic design. The beam of ions passes through an electrostatic analyser before or after the magnetic field causing the particles to travel at the same velocity resulting in the resolution of the mass analyzer increasing dramatically. Resolution may be varied by using narrower slits before the detector. It is important to note that this type of analyzer reduces sensitivity but increases accuracy resulting in a fine line between success and failure with regards to detection, for this reason this type of mass analyzer is only used for very selective purposes. Quadrupole Mass Analyzers do not make use of magnetic forces for mass detection; instead they are composed of four solid rods arranged parallel to the direction of the ion beam. Using a combination of direct-current and radiofrequency the quadrupole separates the various ions according to their mass extremely quickly. Quadrupole mass analyzers are most on most GC-MS instruments. Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzers (TOF) operate by measuring the time taken for an ion which has been produced to travel for the ion source to the detector [7]. This is based on the simple assumption that the lighter ions will have a greater velocity and thus will strike the detector first. This type of analyzer has become more and more common in recent years due to the fact that the electronics used in this analyzer have become much more affordable since it was first introduced in the 1940’s. In recent years the resolution and sensitivity of TOF have been increased by the insertation of a reflective plate within the flight tube itself [8]. The main area that this type of analyzer is used is in Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) discussed later. The Ion Trap Mass Analyzer is composed of two hyperbolic end cap electrodes and a doughnut shaped ring electrode [7]. It is very similar to the quadrupole analyzer in resolution terms and basics however the ion trap is more sensitive. 4. The Mass Spectra: The main interest that anybody has from the mass spectra is the molecular weight of the sample that was processed. The value of m/z at which the molecular ion (M+) appears on the mass spectrum tell us the molecular weight of the original molecule. The most saturated ion formed from the ionization provides us with the tallest peak in the spectra know as the base peak (Figure 1.2). From this information the determination of very exact molecular weights of substances may be deduced which is probably the most important application of mass spectrometers. This determination also allows use to distinguish between different substances with a very similar molecular mass which we are unable to do ourselves. For example; the molecule C14H14 has a molecular mass of 182.1096 and the molecule C12H10N2 has a molecular mass of 182.0844. These two molecules may only be differentiated by MS as there is only 0.0252 in the difference even tough they are two completely different molecules. The type of MS instrument used in this case is a Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer as discussed briefly above which is capable of providing measurements accurate to 0.0001 atomic mass units. The chance of two compounds having the exact same mass spectra is very unlikely and therefore it is possible to identify an unknown compound by comparing its mass spectra obtained with that of a known library of mass spectra for various compounds. 5. Mass Spectrometry in Synergy with other Techniques: Through the years mass spectrometers have evolved to be used not just on their own but used in tandem with a range of other analytic techniques such as Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) in purity assessment and investigating rat urine, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for the detection and measurement of illicit drugs in biological fluids. It is LC-MS that has become the gold standard for detection and analyzation of substances. Gas chromatography works particularly well with mass spectrometry too, due to the face that the sample is already in its gaseous form at the interface. This system has been used by De Martinis and Barnes [9] in the detection of drugs in sweat using a quadrupole mass spectrometer which has been discussed earlier. The ability to identify metabolites in the biological fluids mentioned above can be very difficult and this is due to the fact that these metabolites are present in extremely low concentrations such as parts per mill ion (ppm) or even less in some situations. For many years Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was used to identify these metabolites but in recent times it would appear that mass spectrometry has become the more popular method for detection of the metabolite. This may be due to the fact that MS is more sensitive than NMR resulting in less sample amount being required. 6. Advances in Mass Spectrometry Instruments and their Limitations: As mentioned briefly above it is very difficult to study large biomolecules such as proteins due to the fact that they are large polar molecules which are not volatile and as a result are difficult to convert to a gaseous state in order to undergo ionization. In recent years a solution to this problem has been accomplished with the introduction of Matrix- Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI). MALDI is a laser based soft ionization method which relies on the sample being dissolved in a solution containing an excess of matrix such as sinapinic acid which has a chromophore that absorbs at the laser wavelength, the sample is placed in the path of high intensity protons causing a collision of the atoms with the sample resulting in ionization of the sample molecules causing them to be ejected from the matrix. One of the main advantages of MALDI-MS is that only a very tiny amount of sample is required (1 X 10-5 moles) [3]. This technique has proven to be one of the most successful ionization methods for mass spectrometry analysis of large molecules due to its soft ionization ability. This technique has been used in the drug-biomolecule complexes in order to investigate the interaction properties and sites of biomolecules with various drugs on the market today [10]. This method was also used by Zschorning et al. to investigate the extracts of human lipoproteins after treatment wi th cholesterol esterase’s [11]. This method although very popular suffers some drawbacks. There is a strong dependence on the sample preparation method and any mistake made during sample preparation or any contamination introduced into the matrix during the sample preparation renders the rest of the investigation pointless. Another draw back of this method is the short sample life although some research has been undertaken [12] with the use of liquid matrices in the belief that this may increase the sample life by making use of the self-healing properties of the sample through molecular diffusion. One obvious drawback that may occur is the fact that the sample may not be soluble and hence may not dissolve in the matrix. This problem may be overcome with the use of compression of a finely ground sample and analyte [13]. Another disadvantage which may become of detrimental in the future is the fact that MALDI is not easily compatible with LC-MS, this problem may have to be rectified id the popularity of MALDI is to c ontinue. Electrospray Ionization (ESI) has been described in detail under the methods of ionization section above and it can be seen that this young technique is proving to be very useful with LC-MS to investigate the a variety of molecules including proteins, DNA and synthetic polymers. The main problem with ESI-MS is that the mass spectra produced may contain many peaks of multiply charged ions which may cause confusion in the interpretation of spectra of some samples. The ESI instrument itself can also present with decreased sensitivity due to the presence of impurities such as salts and buffers, this is not the case with MALDI. Although both MALDI and ESI are both very effective methods of developing mass spectra for large molecules such as proteins, MALDI still remains the method of choice for most analyses. However, as discussed above the fact that MALDI is not very compatible with LC-MS may pave the way for a surge in popularity of the LC-MS friendly ESI. 7. The Future of Mass Spectrometry: Mass spectrometry has come along way since 1897 when Joseph J. Thompson used an early mass spectrometer to discover the electron and there is no reason why the mass spectrometer will continue to advance and evolve into the foreseeable future. The mass spectrometer is an extremely versatile analytical tool which can work in tandem and alongside other analytical methods such as chromatography seamlessly. The main areas in which mass spectrometers have been used for quantification of compounds are LC-MS and GC-MS using the various ionization methods respectively. LC-MS is the gold standard in quantitative bioanalyses and is used by the majority pharmaceutical companies. The other minority tend to use other techniques such as High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and UV as they deem LC-MS to be too expensive. An area of mass spectrometry to watch out for in the future is the use of ion-trap technology to perform LC-MS-MS to LC-MS [7]. This method already exists but reliable routine bioanalytical assays have not been produced as of yet. References: [1]  Ã‚   molecularstation.com/molecular-biology-images/506-molecular-biology-pictures/21-mass-spectrometer.html [2]  Ã‚   Daniel C. Harris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, sixth edition (2003) published by W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. [3]  Ã‚   Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S. Kriz and James R. Vyvyan: Introduction to Spectroscopy, fourth edition, published by Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learing. [4]  Ã‚   www.research.uky.edu/ukmsf/whatis.html [5]  Ã‚   Ionization Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry [6]  Ã‚   Horning, E.C., Caroll, D.J., Dzidic, I., Haegele, K.D., Horning, M.G., and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stillwell,R.N. (1974). Atmospheric pressure ionization (API) mass spectrometry. Solvent-mediated ionization of samples introduced in solution and in a liquid chromatograph effluent stream,   J. Chromatography. Sci, 12, (11), 725-729 [7]  Ã‚   RF Venn (Ed) (2000) Principles and practice of Bioanalysis Taylor and Francis. [8]  Ã‚   Ashcroft, A.E. (1997) Ionisation Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry, Cambridge,   UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry. [9]  Ã‚   asms.org/whatisms/p1.html: The American Society of Mass Spectrometry [10]  Ã‚   Skelton, R., Dubols, F., Zenobl, R. Analytical Chemistry (2000), 72, 1707-1710 [11]  Ã‚   Zschornig, Markus Pietsch, Roesmarie SuB., Jurgen Schiller and Michael Gutschow. Cholesterol esterase action on human high density lipoproteins and inhibition studies: detection by MALDI-TOF MS.    [12]  Ã‚   Zenobi, R, Knochenmuss, R. Mass Spectrom, Rev. 1999, 17, 337-366.

Roles and Funtions of Management in Healthcare Setting

Roles and Funtions of Management in Healthcare Setting For the health care setting to operate effectively in achieving its goals and objectives, it requires to implement the main management concepts. These include planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Roles and Funtions of Management in Healthcare Setting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a setting where nurses, therapists, and other healthcare staffs are located in a central position, management is relatively simpler than where the care of patients is managed out of a central location. However, these four functions apply irrespective of location in managing health care leaders and their staffs (Management Functions in a Health Care Facility, 2012). The administration undertakes planning by evaluating the current operation of the institution and developing plans that focus on the future of the heath center (Huber, 2006). In our case, the administration employs strategic plann ing technique in planning ahead to overcome unprecedented challenges. The management achieves this by analysis both external and internal factors affecting smooth operations. The most common approach for accomplishing this task is using the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) method. This tool helps the administration to determine the most cost effective action for business (Management Functions in a Health Care Facility, 2012). As community health service providers, we plan for emergencies by ensuring that enough staffs are available to handle urgent situations, and equipping them. Even when we are offering our services out of the health center, we prepare emergency wards within our central facility.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, we gather information from the community to help in decision making. We employ SWOT analysis to determi ne how to overcome institutional weakness such under staffing and delays in delivery of medical supplies. Also, we evaluate threats such as ignorance among of clients regarding appropriate health care lifestyles. There are opportunities, for instance impressive service demand, and; therefore, it is possible to charge clients an affordable fee and still remain resourceful. Apart from planning, organizing plays unique roles in management. This function mandates the health care management to organize its resources and plan for their proper usage in advance. This is a system that helps management to determine the internal doctorial configuration (Huber, 2006). The management does this by considering allocations for different departments. The management also performs this function at whatever time they are selecting and authorizing certain departments to handle some clear-cut roles (Huber, 2006). I, as the health center’s administrator, implement these roles in conjunction with my assistant and other trained health professionals. My assistant reports to me, whenever necessary, on the progress of daily operations and joins in organizing and reorganizing them. We also work together prepare duty rosters for nurses and doctors. In addition, she handles bookkeeping, staff payroll, costs and maintenance, and coordinates with heath insurers and social services. The next function of management in health care set up is directing or leading. This management function entitles the administration to control and take charge of staffs (Huber, 2006). Directing helps the company achieve it objectives. Also, it helps the health workers to achieve their personal and career goals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Roles and Funtions of Management in Healthcare Setting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, our management supports staff to meet these goals. This we do through motivation, open communicatio n, and employing department management techniques. Management introduces incentive programs, which help to motive staffs to worker harder. I occasionally join trained health care officers and engage them on how to improve our services. I persistently look for better ways of motivating them. Additionally, I work closely with all staffs. Apart from giving out instructions, I sometimes, join them in treating patients whenever there is a shortage of doctors. The supervisors get my plans and communicate them to all workers. I develop plans that are beneficial to health care staffs, patients and the community. Such plans include economical use of fare, lab apparatus and developing constructive relationships with patients. In addition, we do hold quarterly meetings, and I use the opportunity to communicate to all health officials on corporate goals. However, I do this during impromptu meetings, as well. As a final point, Control plays a significant role in health care management. A key rol e under this function is establishing performance standards (Stahl, 2004). Performance problems sometimes crop in; however, we commonly resolve them by setting high standards for all departments and clearly communicating our goals to departments that have problems. Otherwise, if a department fails to attain set standards and it emerges that external factors have played in, then the management lowers the standards to accommodate all genuine interests. Most importantly, I endeavor to see all workers take control of the business by making decisions, but under my supervision.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I have, through experience, discovered that all the four management roles are crucial. This is because a weakness exhibited in one of them is displayed in the entire organization. However, we can argue that planning is the most pivotal role because all the other roles depend on it (Stahl, 2004). I, therefore, as an aspiring leader, trained nurse, and student value to understand all functions of health care management. In so doing, I envision to be a highly skilled health care manager. References Huber, D. (2006). Leadership and Nursing Care Management (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. Management Functions in a Health Care Facility Yahoo! Voices voices.yahoo.com. (2012). Yahoo! Voices voices.yahoo.com. Web. Stahl, M. J. (2004). Encyclopedia of Health Care Management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

For Some Reason

For Some Reason For Some Reason For Some Reason By Maeve Maddox The idiom â€Å"for some reason† means, â€Å"for a reason unknown to me.† For example: For some reason, they hid behind a lot of legal issues. [The] game keeps scrolling up  for some reason.   For some reason,  the drivers were very discourteous that night. I first noticed the non-idiomatic phrase â€Å"in some reason† used in place of â€Å"for some reason† in an email: In some reason I have not received my order. A Web search revealed that this error is widespread: I work as taxi driver, and in some reason unknown to me, access to the local radio system is blocked. We need just 6 bitcoin confirmations. Our system completes an exchange automatically in 99% cases. The 1% is when our system fails in some reason. I was happy for my decision even though in some reason the doctor wrote on the procedure paper â€Å"a scar revision† and not â€Å"a facelift.† In some reason the dynamic css style is empty. I need to edit pictures [but] in some reason it doesn’t go in when I first post. I have a file that has clone layers. And in some reason the layers will eat the memory. Here are the examples corrected: I work as taxi driver, and for some reason unknown to me, access to the local radio system is blocked. We need just 6 bitcoin confirmations. Our system completes an exchange automatically in 99% cases. The 1% is when our system fails for some reason. I was happy for my decision even though for some reason the doctor wrote on the procedure paper â€Å"a scar revision† and not â€Å"a facelift.† For some reason the dynamic css style is empty. I need to edit pictures [but] for some reason it doesn’t go in when I first post. I have a file that has clone layers. And for some reason the layers will eat the memory. If the intended meaning is â€Å"for an unknown reason or cause,† the idiom is, â€Å"for some reason.† The phrase â€Å"in some reason† is nonstandard usage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?Top 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad)Few vs. Several

Harvey Industries Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Harvey Industries - Case Study Example As regards contemporary global business practice, Stevenson (2010, p. 613) identifies the importance of due diligence in ensuring sustainable supply chain management. It is, therefore advised that the company employ key components of due diligence which would make the company function in line with other global competitors. Indeed, if the company wants to succeed, it must ensure that there is due diligence in all supply models and that existing competitors are made the target of competition. One of the best practices that the company can put in place to bring about due diligence is to â€Å"ensure that they are aware of, and can describe, the risk of violations taking place, and their potential harm† (The Danish Council for Corporate Social Responsibility, 2010). Secondly, it is recommended that risk assessment that leads to the identification of the sphere of influence be embarked upon. According to Stevenson (2010), companies that consider the sphere of influence ensure that there is the appropriate recognition of the company’s responsibility and attempts regarding supply chain management. Once such recognition is in place, the company obtains a better understanding of its scope of demands and acts to reach a stipulated level of demand. Finally, structural adjustment at the human resource level is highly recommended. There is an adage that new wine is not stored in an old wine sack. Essentially, there should be some bold managerial decision such as the decision to change suppliers and other stakeholders. who are instrumental in the supply chain management but whose actions have led to the current crisis experienced by the company. Recommendations for Inventory Management Inventory management will remain a very crucial aspect of the company if it wants to rise from its present financial distress and get back on the track of success. This is because inventory management will remain the single gateway for the company to ensure responsibility and

Metrics and measurements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Metrics and measurements - Essay Example Overall, human resource metrics and measurements translate human resources capabilities to measurable strategic value, which facilitates better understanding of human resource data, and improves human resource connection with the rest of the organization (Jamroq and Overholt 3; Strategy2Act). According to Strategy2Act, an organization that develops solutions for obtaining valuable information out of files created with popular office tools, the most common human resource measurements and metrics are typically related to "employee attitudes, employee turnover, employee skill levels, as well as outsourcing costs, service center operations, the number human resource transactions processed, staffing process, training programs utilization and effectiveness, and promotions". These metrics and measurements are used by 25% to 75% of all organizations (Strategy2Act). "Employee turnover" metric includes indicators such as cost per hire, turnover cost, turnover rate, time to fill, and length of employment. Cost per hire includes calculation of advertising fees, employment agency fees, headhunter fees, employee referrals rewards, relocation benefits, recruiter pay and benefits costs, and the number of hires. Turnover cost includes calculation of termination, new hire, vacancy, and learning curve costs. Turnover rate is the rate at which employees leave the organization. Time to fill is the period from job requisition approval to new hire start date. Length of employment takes into account the job designation, department, etc (Strategy2Act). For example, Carphone Warehouse found that every retail employee who left the company within six months cost 4,875 in gross profit margins. If they could reduce turnover by only 2% they could cut 585,900 in recruitment and training costs and lost productivity (Carrington 38). "Recruiting" metric includes vacant period, new hires performance appraisal, manager satisfaction, turnover rates of new hires, and financial impact of bad hire. Vacant period is the number of overall days the jobs were vacant. New hires performance appraisal is the average performance appraisal of new hires, compared to previous period. Manager satisfaction is the satisfaction of hiring managers, compared to previous period. Turnover rate of new hires is measured for a specific period. Financial impact of bad hire includes the cost per hire and the turnover cost. For example, Carphone Warehouse uses recruitment metrics to "get the right people at the right time - and first time". "Retention" metric includes overall employee turnover, preventable turnover, diversity turnover, and financial impact of employee turnover. Overall employee turnover emphasizes the key positions. Preventable turnover takes into account the reasons why the employee left the organization and what measures may be taken to prevent it. Diversity turnover classifies the turnover rate into three categories based on professional, managerial, and technical positions. For example, Scottish Power uses a scorecard system to monitor retention of its retail business that employs call center staff, meter readers, and sales person where retention rate is low. "Training and Development" metric includes learning and growth opportunities, on-the-job learning satisfaction, and opportunities for new hires. Learning and growth

AP Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

AP Art History - Essay Example However, these little works collected with his notepads, which comprise drawings, methodical diagrams, and his opinions on the nature of painting, encompass an involvement to later generations of artists only matched by that of his fashionable, Michelangelo. Leonardo is inverted to his technical inventiveness as he hypothesized flying machines. Moderately little of his projects were built and some were viable during his life time .Returning to the Guild of St Luke, Leonardo consumed two years while crafting and painting a fresco of the combat of Anghiari for the Signori a as Michelangelo designing its confidant piece (Bambach & Manges, 2003). According to the post, Leonardo’s work is more than what is just represented as most of drawings looks more than just a drawing but supernatural. His intelligence in many fields of study showed how great he was talented. Thus, he remains the most talented and skilled artist to ever

Discourse Community Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Discourse Community Analysis - Essay Example A very good example of an exclusive language can be found in the military. Whereas the officers use â€Å"good English† for their commands and among themselves, the recruits and lower cadre officers at the â€Å"club house† use pidgin which has the potential of expression informality and high level of intimacy of role relations. (Alabi, T., n.d.) This is the usual set-up of communication in the military. The men in the military speak a different language at work than at home. If civilian men are difficult to understand by nature, military men are even more difficult to understand. This is because the military has its own language. The men communicate with words and sometimes with their actions. Each branch of the military also has its own â€Å"lingo†. For example, the word â€Å"camouflage† uniform is called â€Å"cammies† for the Marines and the Navy but â€Å"fatigues† for the Army. Each division the military has its own nickname. A jarhead refers to a Marine. They say this is because the head of a marine looks like a jar. A squid is someone from the Navy. The connection is very obvious, I believe. Top Gun refers to an Air Force member. Finally, those in the army are called dogs. By their terms, one can already see how exclusive and proud military men are with regards to their branch of service. Of course there are also some words used by all branches of the military like CO which means commanding officer. Brass refers to officers because of the many awards (made of metal) pinned on their uniforms. These pins distinguish them from the members in the lower ranks. AO means area of operation. This is any place you’re supposed to work at. Bird doesn’t mean an animal that flies but a plane. Mess hall or chow hall is their word for dining room. Ultimately, a john wayne isn’t a person or an actor but a can opener. Indeed, language in the military is something an outsider has to be ready for. Otherwise, an outsider may act

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Education - Essay Example Student activism is observed as the crucial force for social change especially in times of political turmoil (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). The history is replete with many examples such as China’s May Fourth Movement which happened in 1919 and the Youth Pledge in Indonesia which occurred in 1928. These events have shown the immense sympathy of the youth population toward their respective country. The May Fourth Movement in China had gathered more or less three thousand Chinese students in Tianasquare to protest against its government’s weak response to imperialism and feudalism (Tse-tung, as cited in â€Å"Selected Works,† 2004). On the other hand, the Youth Pledge in Indonesia had helped the Indonesian youths to voice out their concerns with regard to colonialism. The pledge actually provided that the youths of Indonesia will â€Å"build a new and independent nation which was later on achieved in 1945† (McTique, 2009). In other cases, student de monstrations â€Å"have toppled powerful dictatorship, military juntas† and even ended wars (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). Truly, student movements have the capacity to effect political change by gathering support from the rest of the community. It serves as the conscience of nations (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). Moreover, it reminds the people â€Å"of the founding ideals of their countries† and the aim for dignity, justice and equality in times of political turmoil (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). Nonetheless, despite the aforementioned historical accounts on the significance of student activists in a society, there are those who vehemently oppose it. One of which is the government. It is a contention that governments are generally against any activist movements especially those from the youth sector. This is plausible since a government must always protect and defend its honor before its constituents. It looks forward to prevent any f orm of

Discourse Community Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Discourse Community Analysis - Essay Example A very good example of an exclusive language can be found in the military. Whereas the officers use â€Å"good English† for their commands and among themselves, the recruits and lower cadre officers at the â€Å"club house† use pidgin which has the potential of expression informality and high level of intimacy of role relations. (Alabi, T., n.d.) This is the usual set-up of communication in the military. The men in the military speak a different language at work than at home. If civilian men are difficult to understand by nature, military men are even more difficult to understand. This is because the military has its own language. The men communicate with words and sometimes with their actions. Each branch of the military also has its own â€Å"lingo†. For example, the word â€Å"camouflage† uniform is called â€Å"cammies† for the Marines and the Navy but â€Å"fatigues† for the Army. Each division the military has its own nickname. A jarhead refers to a Marine. They say this is because the head of a marine looks like a jar. A squid is someone from the Navy. The connection is very obvious, I believe. Top Gun refers to an Air Force member. Finally, those in the army are called dogs. By their terms, one can already see how exclusive and proud military men are with regards to their branch of service. Of course there are also some words used by all branches of the military like CO which means commanding officer. Brass refers to officers because of the many awards (made of metal) pinned on their uniforms. These pins distinguish them from the members in the lower ranks. AO means area of operation. This is any place you’re supposed to work at. Bird doesn’t mean an animal that flies but a plane. Mess hall or chow hall is their word for dining room. Ultimately, a john wayne isn’t a person or an actor but a can opener. Indeed, language in the military is something an outsider has to be ready for. Otherwise, an outsider may act

International financil markts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International financil markts - Essay Example The financial manager plays on a global stage and must comprehend how global financial markets function and how to assess overseas investments (Brealey and Myers, 2003, p.10). This study will address the theoretical justification as well as practical application of portfolio theory and capital asset pricing model with respect to an investor or fund manager. In order to identify with risk-return trade-off, we view risks of the asset returns of individuals. Risks in individual asset returns have 2 parts - systematic risks and non-systematic risk. Systematic risks are non-diversifiable whereas the non-systematic risks are diversifiable. To eliminate the non-systematic risks, one can form portfolios. Instead of single individual assets, the investors opt for portfolio diversification. The investors’ main concern is about the systematic risks. The return on assets pays off for systematic risks (Jiang, 2003, p. 3). A little diversification can present a considerable lessening in variability. Suppose one computes and evaluates the standard deviations of arbitrarily selected one-stock or two-stock portfolios. A high percentage of the investments would be in the stocks of small corporations and separately very risky. However, diversification can slash the unpredictability of returns by about fifty percent. Diversification works since prices of various stocks do not move perfectly together (Brealey and Myers, 2003, p.166). The problem of the investor is to select a portfolio. Let the payoff of his portfolio be ˆX, so its price or value is . He will consume . Thus, his problem is: The initial wealth constraint is satisfied by the Lagrange multiplier, ÃŽ ». The investor will invest less in high priced stock and invest more in the low priced stock. Risk aversion, or curvature of the utility function,

Psychology in a Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Example for Free

Psychology in a Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Thoroughly leading up until the climactic ending in A Prayer For Owen Meany, John Irving explains to his readers just how important it is to Owen Meany to fulfill his duties and obligations to God. Like a hobbit traveling to Mt. Doom in Mordor, he is determined and dedicated more than anyone in the novel to achieve his goals, despite his responsibilities and, what should be, his major concerns in his life. Owen completely envelopes himself in the fact that he is an instrument used by God, and doesn’t even stop to think to realize and remember his loved ones, whom are Hester, his love struck girlfriend, and John, his best friend who has been with him through thick and thin ever since they were children. It is bittersweet, I suppose, about the choices he ultimately ends up making until the end. On one hand he will miss out on the opportunities he can easily obtain through attending Harvard and making a life for himself with his most important people by his side (Hester and John); on the other hand, however, by choosing to follow God’s calling for his life, he will conclusively act upon the happening that impacts the ending of the novel altogether. Owen, as one finds out throughout the novel, is excessively brilliant, surpassing the intelligence of other people his age by far. Tabitha Wheelwright acknowledges this special gift in Owen insisting that he attend Gravesend Academy, where his brilliance be put to good use. It turns out that it was, for Owen ends up being the best student at the Academy, which almost guarantees him the ability to attend Harvard to now receive the best college education possible, but certain setbacks keep him from doing so. His careless mistake of getting caught making fake IDs for other students opens the door for the principle to seize at the opportunity to expel Owen, which severely hurts his chances to get into any worthwhile colleges. But with this, Owen understands that his purpose must lie elsewhere, because nothing happens for no reason. Even before this incident occurs, he knows his death will be undeniable for it is a part of God’s plan for him, and that â€Å"the shot† is involved in this future incident. Owen’s responsibilities to his education is nothing, however, compared to the conflicting feelings Hester and John feel about Owen’s prophecies and predictions about his death. â€Å"Owen knows that he must sacrifice his life to save others, both physically and spiritually (Rosefeldt, 1). Following this, he joins the army to go to Vietnam in an attempt to seal his fate as he believes God wants him to do. Hester practically resents Owen for his stubbornness in doing this, placing that as more important, his passion, in front of her, his implied â€Å"responsibility. † After his death, Hester becomes a hard rock sex icon in the music world in a ways to cope, and John completely unaware how he will now live his life, for Owen was always such a compass in his life, that he feels helpless without him. Owen’s obsession with his passion has completely blinded him to the fact that his responsibilities, the ones that care about him the most, need him the most, but even with them he puts his God given goals first, as always. Lastly, toward the end of the novel, Owen’s only, and I mean that literally, thing on his mind, is fulfilling his purpose, which he ends up doing in the chapter â€Å"the shot† where he sacrifices himself, as Jesus Christ did for the world, for the sake of the Vietnamese orphan children. â€Å"When Owen Meany said ‘READY? ’ I figured we had about two seconds left to live. But he soared far above my arms-when I lifted him, he soared even higher than usual; he wasnt taking any chances. He went straight up, never turning to face me, and instead of merely dropping the grenade and leaving it on the window ledge, he caught hold of the ledge with both hands, pinning the grenade against the ledge and trapping it there safely with his hands and forearms. He wanted to be sure that the grenade couldnt roll off the ledge and fall back in the room (Irving, 623-624). † Here Owen proves the symbolism for the concept of sacrifice, and just how much of a Christ-like figure he is, practically mirroring Christ’s life. From the mysterious secret revealed that Owen is actually from a virgin birth, to the sacrifice he makes for the sake of others, this mirror image is quite apparent. From the start Owen knew he would become a hero for those in need of one, and his lifelong passion for it is finally is proved to be worthwhile in the final chapter. Owen Meany has to be one of the most admirable characters in any novel ever written by the fact that once he sets his mind to something, there is absolutely no changing it by any means. Regardless of his loved ones, he new this is what he had to do, and did not want to disrupt God’s plans that He had for him. He knew being a sacrifice as well as a hero to others was his fate, and he learned long ago fate is not something to be messed with. This also reveals just how similar God and Owen are to each other, and how each other’s lives are identical in almost all means- they are selfless, and just want to prove to others, as well as themselves, tha t their purpose on this earth is put too tremendous use, despite the clashes with the outcome of their responsibilities.

Honour Killings: Causes and Strategies for Intervention

Honour Killings: Causes and Strategies for Intervention What is honour killing? Every year, hundreds of women are killed in the name of honour by their family members because they have brought shame to the family and the community. Honour killing is defined murdering a member of the family in the name of honour, it is usually the female who is murdered for bringing shame to the family. In rare cases, men are also murdered if they bring dishonour to their family or community. It is believed that honour killing is a private family affair and it should remain between the four walls of the house, no accurate statistics are available on this social evil. It should be noted that honour killing is a gender-neutral concept but overwhelming majority victims are women. The only fundamental difference is that the male accussed of dishonouring might be given a chance to explain his situation before the trible leaders and can escape the death penalty by giving compensation to the family who has been ‘dishonoured’. Women are rarely given oppurtunaties to explain their side of the story and the only possible way to restore the honour is by killing the women who has brought shame to the family. Where does it take place? Pakistan consists of four provinces known as Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab and North West Frontier Province(NWFP). The menance known as honour killing frequently all four provinces of Pakistan. In Sindh, the practise of honour killing is known as â€Å"Karo Kari†, meaning ‘black female’ and ‘black male’. In Balochistan it is known Siahkal. The majority of the honour killings take place in rural areas, however, there have been some reported incidents of honour killings in urban cities of Pakistan such as Karachi and Lahore. How can one be dishonoured? Honour killings for a choosing a marriage partner According to the article 16 of Universal Declaration of human rights, both men and women of full age, irrespective race, religion and nationality can enter into marriage with any partner of their choice. It is our fundamental to marry a partner of our choice, however in Pakistan, women are not encouraged to have this right because women are seen as personal property of a man, therefore women should exercise their right. Women are seen as commodity owned and controlled by their fathers, husbands and brothers. Women are not suppose to express any desires and feelings contrary to the wishes of their fathers, husbands, and brothers. Traiditionally women are not allowed to choose their partners for marriage. The head of the family, usually the father, chooses the groom. the bride does not have any say in the process and any defiance against the process is considered a taboo. Women who have been succesful in marrying partners of their choice are often threatened by their father that charges of zina(unlawful sexual relations) would be brought against them. Under the islamic law of marriage, the wali(the closest male adult relative) has the responsibilty and authority with respect to marriage, the wali is usually the father and if it can be proved that the father did not give consent to the marriage then it will be considered invalid, if marriage is invalid then any sexual relations which took place between the man and the women would amount to zina. Most of the time, family members take matters into their own hands instead of going to court. A women who married a man of her choice was murdered outside Peshawar court by her brother in the name of honour. Women seeking divorce The article 16 of Universal declaration of human rights states that men and woman should have equal rights regarding dissolution of marriage. Under Islamic marriage law, a man is allowed to divorce his wife anytime, the divorce can be given verbally but a women cannot divorce her husband, she can apply for Khula(Separation) in the court of law. Divorce is seen as a very serious problem in the muslim world and muslim women are enouraged to avoid divorce at any cost, even if it means by putting up with a severely abusive husband. In 1999, Saima Sarwar was shot dead in a lawyers office because she attempted to obtain divorce from her husband severely abusive husband. The killing was instructed by her uncle but he was soon released Qisas and Diyat laws which states that the person(s) involved in killing will go free if he is pardoned by the Wali of the victim.Her uncle went unpunised as he was pardoned by her husbad and father in the capacity of Wali. It should be noted that Saima Sarwar belonged to a upper-class prominent family, her father is a entrepenuer and the mother is a doctor, this case shows the social evil in question is a cause of concern for both rural and urban population. The local newspapers in the region overwhemingly supported the killing, arguing that it was accordance to the tradition and therefore it cannot be a crime. Honour killings for rape A woman brings shame to the family if she becomes a victim of rape. In 1999, a 16 year old mentally-retarded girl was raped on many occasions by junior clerk of the local government department of agriculture in hotel in Parachinar, NWFP. The uncle of the girl lodged a complain, the accussed was taken into protective custody and the girl was handed to her tribe. The Jirga(tribal court) decided that she has brought shame to her tribe and the honour can only be restored by killing her. She was shot dead in front of tribal gathering. Get rich quick scheme? Ratio of honor killings is higher in those provinces where agriculture lands are abundant. Land is the main reason behind a majority of honor killing incidents in Sindh and Punjab. In overwhelming majority of cases, there is always a ulterior motive such as lust for money, land, lust for another women or to conceal other crimes. Many individuals exploit the concept of honour killing for gaining compensation or land. If both accused of karo kari are murdered then the matter usually ends but if only kari is killed and karo escapes, the karo has to compensate the affected man by giving him money, land or another women. Nafisa Shah, a leading human rights activist describes honour killing as industry which has range of stakeholders including tribes people, police administration and tribal mediators, honour killing is used as an excuse to hide sins and gain money. Police accept bribes of about 7000 rupees(equivalent to  £70) for not investigating claims of honour killing. The International Law International human rights law recognises â€Å"honour crimes† as a form violence against women, therefore it is a direct violation women’s right to life and security; freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment; and the right to equality before the law and equal protection of the law. Honor crimes also violate rights guaranteed to women by the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), such as the right to freely choose one’s spouse and the right to equality in marriage. CEDAW’s General Recommendation Number 19 defines gender-based violence as a form of discrimination against women and makes explicit reference to honor crimes. CEDAW obligates States to protect women from gender-based violence, including violence committed by family members and to prevent, investigate, and punish acts of violence against women. The Convention also requires States to disqualify honor as a legal defense for acts of violence against women. The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women echoes these obligations and states that, States should condemn violence against women and should not invoke any custom, tradition or religious consideration to avoid their obligations with respect to its elimination (Article 4). International human rights law is enforced through the state and by way of treaties. A state becoming the party to a international treaty will be bound by th treaty and it is the state’s responsibility and duty to protect the rights of the citizens. Pakistan is a party to a â€Å"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women†, the treaty has been ratified and as a result of that, the Pakistani government ammended the Criminal Act 2004 which makes â€Å"Honour killing† a punishable offence. Apart from making the ammendment to Criminal Act 2004, Pakistan has taken several other intitaves to curb honour killings and domestic violence against women: Establishment of Gender Crime Cell Gender Crime Cell was established in National Bureau on 1st April 2006 to curb violence against women. The function of the Cell is to gather, collate and analyse data on cases of violence against women. The cell will act as central repository of relevant data on cases of violence against women and it will assist top-policy makers in developing holistic and effective policy countermeasures to control the social evil volence against women. Gender and Human Rights Sensitization To sensitize the police and to further improve law enforcement response to human rights situations, a comprehensive program has been included in the cirruculum of police training schools, police training colleges and national police academy. Cooperation/Collaboration with NGOs/ Civil society National Police Bureau has welcomed visits from NGOs who monitored severall police stations across the country, the main aim was to look into the business procedures, handling of public complaints against police, infra-structure, and facilities in lock-up of the stations. According to the Government of Pakistan, all these measures will help directly or indirectly contribute against curbing crimes against women. After reading the responses submitted to UN by the Government of Pakistan regarding the issues relating to violence against women, one would get the impression that Pakistan is trying to tackle the problem, some measures have been to curb the problem mentioned but the measures taken are not adequate enough to protect women, controversial laws such as Qisas still exist which are often exploited by murderers. Qisas Law Qisas law is relates to offences involving bodily injury or loss of life. The aim of the Qisas law is to put the victim’s family in control, ir is up to the family members of the victim to decide whether to bring an action against the murderer or pardon the murderer. Under the law, murdering a family member virtually carries no punishment as the other family members have the right to pardon the killer. In June 2002, Zakir killed 18- year Sabiha on suspicion that she had become pregnant, Zakir was pardoned by uncle of Sabiha, therefore his crime went unpunished. In a situation like such as this, courts and law enforcement agencies cannot take further action if the pardon is granted by the family member of the victim. n 90 percent cases of honor killings, the culprits are close relatives and therefore they are easily forgiven by the family of the deceased, in order successfully tackle this social evil, Qisas and Diyat Ordinance should not be in practise at all as it allows murderers to walk away free. It is evident that more needs to be done to tacke the menance known as honour killing, but the question what can the further steps can UN take to ensure that Pakistani Government makes further ammendments to the law to ensure that no murderers goes unpunished? The role of United Nations The human rights machinery in the UN systems works in three areas: information, analyis and policy development; provision of support to human rights bodies and organs; and promotion and protection of human rights. In order for this machinery to be successful, the UN has developed human rights institutions at the country level. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights(OHCHR) assigns human rights advisers to country teams and their aim is to advance human rights through legislative, judicial and other enforcement mechanisms. The UN has created commitees to oversee implementation of implementation human rights but the commitees have a limited power to investigate or monitor violations of human rights. The UN machinery is merely way of recording information. If a state fails to comply with demands of UN then procedures usually range from coaxing to naming and shaming, it is very rare that sanctions are imposed for human rights violations because of the undesirable consequences. UN is also having monetary problem, many of the major member states have refused to pay their assesed share of costs, the guaranteed budget of OHCHR has fallen less than half. United nations is not effective in curbing human rights violations, it has no other to make sure that the human rights are not violated, they do not have effective mechanisms to make sure that human rights are enforced and they do not have the necessary resources. Simply by signing and ratifying a treaty does not ensure that the State will carry their duties and protect human rights. The only serious measure which the UN can take is impose sanctions. It is possible to impose sanctions solely on the basis of human rights, imposing sanctions for breaches of human rights is rare. Should the UN impose sanctions to pressurize the Government? UN can impose sanctions such as diplomatic isolation , restrictions on international travel, trade and financial transactions. Sanctions is regarded a tool created to ensure that States comply with demands of UN. Imposing may seem as attractive option but it can discredited on the basis of its harsh consequences on the citizens of the state. Sanctions have a bad history as they inflict undeniable pain on the citizens which the UN is trying to protect. If UN was to impose trade and financial sanctions to pressurise Pakistan to do more to curb honour killlings, then it is highly unlikely the sanction will work because Pakistan already a poor country, 17% of the population lives under $1 a day. Pakistan economy nearly went bankrupt as a result of sanctions imposed by UN for carrying out nuclear tests. Economic sanctions means that the Pakistan economy will suffer and therefore the people of Pakistan will suffer, the overall level of poverty will increase and it is likely that honour killings will increase as well because honour killings are often carried to gain compensation or land. Sanctions will have a counter-productive effect on Pakistan, therefore it should be avoided. The role of NGOs Traditionally NGOs are considered to be more effective than United Nations, in the sense that they are better at monitoring than UN. NGOs tend to focus on one issue at a time compared to UN which focuses and many issues at a time, thus there is overload of work within the UN, therefore the procedure of monitoring is not effective. NGOs do not have any authority, it can pressurise Government by way of protest, NGOs can run aware campaigns and provide support and counciling services to the victims. NGOs cannot directlty enforce human rights, for human rights to be enforced, NGOs rely on courts, there are still loopholes in the law which favour the murderer, unless the loopholes are closed, the NGOs will not be effective. Majority of ‘honour killings’ take place in remote areas such as NWFP due to poor infrastructure, as a result of poor infrastructure, it can be very difficult for NGOs to monitor remote areas of Pakistan. According to Khawar Mumtaz, a leading human rights activist said there were many as eight NGOs working in the NWFP and for betterment of women. The organisations were targeted by religious extremists, the houses of workers and directors were destroyed. The NGOs had to close their operations and flee from NWFP because of security concerns. Who else can help? Apart from the United Nations and NGOs, countries such as United Kingdom can help to tackle problems such as ‘honour killings’ in Pakistan by giving them aid, which then can be used to improve the situation of human rights in Pakistan. The United Kingdom donated  £2m in 2006 to set up a gender and justice protection fund, the main aim of the fund is to curb violence against women. Many critics argue that the aid which is given is not always spent on protection of human rights due to high levels of corruption within the the Government. How can we fight this social evil? Legal measures The Government of Pakistan must repeal the Qisas law as it provides a loophole for murderers to exploit, the fight against the menance cannot be won unless Pakistani Government makes further ammendments to law. Adopt a legislation which would criminalise all forms of domestic violence, The UN has developed a framework for a model legislation which can be adopted. Honour killing should be treated as a crime against the state and Preventive measures Run campaigns to inform citizens of their human rights througout the country. Currently Ministry of Law, Justice and Human Rights is running a human rights mass awareness campaign throughout the country. The campaign is approached through print and electronic media, the campaign is delivered in the form of jingles, talk shows, commercials, slogans and promotional material in the Newspapers. In remote areas such as NWFP and interior Sindh, the people don’t usually have access to electronic media or newspapers. The literacy levels are low in pakistan, the literacy rate for women in 16%, this means that media is ineffective in remote areas because there is no televisions and majority of the women cannot read and write. The women who live in remote areas are most vunerable. Honour killing crimes are under-reported, as a result it is not possible to estimate the real magnitude of the problem. Monitoring and collecting information would help the Government to understand the problem better, and therefore it will enable the Government to come up with better strategy. Protective measures Provide adequate protection to human rights activists and lawyers, often leading human rights activits such as Hina Jilani and Asma Jehangir. In one incident, the two daughters of Asma Jehangir were assaulted and illegally held for several hours along with their friends by armed persons because they were making a video clip. The police did eventually arrive but failed to take any action againt the perpertrators, the police asked Asma Jehangir to remain quiet otherwise the girls would be kidnapped, raped and killed. If activists are not adequately protected by law enforcement agencies then they will not be able to fight for protection of human rights. Long term strategies Honour killing is not a recent phenomoen, similar practices have been known since ancient Roman times, when the Pater Familias (senior male within a household) retained the right to kill an unmarried but sexually active daughter or an adulterous wife. In order to fully eradicate this menance, we should look at the true root causes in order to curb this heinous crime against women. The three main factors are: Male domination Financial dependency Lack of education Male domination Both men and women should be represented equally in all public institutions, most importantly there should be proportiante representaion of women in the Government. The National Assemebly of Pakistan(equivalent to Parliament) has a total number 342 seats and 60 seats are reserved for women, only 17.5% of seats are occupied by women, in order to protect rights of women, it is imperative they are represented proportionaly in the Government. At the moment, there are few women in the Government who are holding key Government ministry, Sherry Rehman is the only women who is holding the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting which considered one of the important ministries. Recently Dr Fehmida Mirza was elected as the Speaker of National Assembly, she is the first woman is Pakistan to be elected as the Speaker of Natioanl Assembly. Late Benazir Bhutto was the first female prime minister of a muslim country. To end male domination, women should participate in politics, proportiante representation would mean that it will not possible to pass discriminatory laws in future against women such as Hudood ordinance as women would have a greater say in the law making process. Financial dependency Agriculture is the largest of economy of Pakistan, 79.8% of rural women are engaged in some sort of agricultural work. Majority of rural women have dual responsibilties, they have to look after house and work in agricultural land as well but they are grossly underpaid, in many cases they are not paid at all. Most women living in rural areas of Pakistan are not aware of their rights such as equal pay, the Government should run campaigns to empower women and inform them of their rights. The Government should run courses to give women vocational training, this would improve women’s capacity to earn by increasing women’s access to source of livelihood, in particular cottage industry, livestock production and agriculture. Only 9% of the jobs in the services industry of Pakistan are done by women. The Government should encourgae equal employment oppurtunities, it was only 2001 when an Act was introduced which ensures equal remunaration for men and women for work of equal value. Study carried by a NGO confirmed the widespread occurrence of sexual harrasment of women at the workplace, the Government of Pakistan been able to implement laws which adequately protect women at the workplace. Government should undertake measure to make places more safe so women could work without fear of discrimination and harassment. Lack of education Only 16% of women in Pakistan are literate. Illiteracy rates are very high Pakistan. The education sector in suffering from inadequate financing and infrastructure. The budget allocated to education sector is low, Pakistan is one of the twelve countries who spend 2% of their GDP on eduction sector. Education needs to be improved, more schools are needed in Pakistan so more girls could attend school. How practical is it to enforce rights in Pakistan? Lack of eductation and financial independence are the main factors which stop from going to relevant law authorities for protection of their human rights, low literacy rate and lack of awareness does stop women for seeking protection against violations of human rights. Also approching the judiciary through a lawyer can be a expensive proposition, therefore women do not attempt to take any action. Democracy and human rights It is believed that military regime are the worst offenders of human rights, from November 1999 to Feburary 2008, General Pervez Musharraf, a army general has enjoyed absolute power over Pakistan. In his term many human rights abuses took place such lal masjid killings and he sacked 12 judges out of 17 judges to install his own hand picked judges. General Pervez Musharraf’s human rights record has been poor. Elections took place on 18th Feburary 2008, most specators believe that elections were free and fair and democracy was restored. Recently the new Government ratified a key UN human rights treaty and signed two others, this suggests that the new democratic Government is serious about human rights issues and the position of human rights should be better under the Government of Pakistan People’s Party. For many years, a military general had absolute power over Pakistan, the military regime was rarely criticised by USA or UK because of Pakistan position against war on terror, infact he was praised by George W Bush and Tony Blair for his role despite the fact that he committed various violations of international law during his tenure, UN never imposed any economic sanctions on Pakistan, infact economic sanctions were lifted which were on Pakistan for conducting nuclear tests in 1997 after he promised support to hunt Osama bin Laden. Human rights violations in Pakistan are often ignored by major member states such USA and UK. The major member states did provide immunity to a dictator against human right violations, If USA and UK would have not supported Musharraf and would have taken steps earlier to restore democracy in Pakistan then the human rights situations would have been far improved by now. Jirga system Jirga is defined a tribal assembly consisting of male elders of the tribe. Majority of the cases relating to honour killings are decided in Jirga instead of a formal court. Jirga should be banned because the system is unfit to provide justice to women, male elders are biased towards women, trial by jirga is the prime protector of the tradition of honour killing. The tribal assembly usually consists of uneducated male elders who do not have the knowledge and the skills to judge. They do not have any jurisdiction to impose capital punishments. Sindh is the only province of Pakistan where the panchayat(equivalent to Jirgra system) have been banned, Jirga system still operational in Baluchistan and North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Jirga system should be be completely banned throughout Pakistan, the only reason why Jirga system is still operational in rural parts of Pakistan because it seen as a cheaper alternative. Any hope? Pakistan is grappling with many crisis at the moment, the burning of judiciary is still unsolved. There is shortage flour and food prices are rising dramatically. There is severe shortage of basic neccesaties such as electricity and clean water in Pakistan. Recently, one of the most popular leader of Pakistan was shot dead. The new Pakistani Government is facing many problems and as result of that, they are not able to fully concentrate human rights issues, honour killings have rarely received any attention from the media or the new Government. We can only hope that the new Government takes positive steps to curb this social evil, so far there has been no progress made by the new Government to address this problem. Pakistan as a suffering from increasing unemployment, increasing inflation and growing anger and frustrations with the system, lack of opportunities, all these factors can lead to violence against women, all tend to build aggravation in men. At the end of the day, it’s the women who are at the receiving end of the vented frustration, thus violence against women occurs as a direct result.